If there is one ready-made, off-the-shelf cliché politicians like to invoke in the current COVID 19 crisis, it is the need for a new Marshall Plan to help Europe overcome the economic impact of coronavirus lockdowns. Named after the then United States Secretary of State, General George Marshall, his idea which was first proposed in 1947, was signed into law in April 1948 and became known as the European Recovery Act.
Denis MacShane, the former UK’s Minister for Europe and is the author of “Brexiternity. The Uncertain Fate of Britain” indicated that Ursula von der Leyen, President of European Union (EU) Commission, Giuseppe Conte, Prime Minister of Italy and Pedro Sanchez, Prime Minister of Spain are among the political leaders who have called for a modern-day version of the Marshall Plan. EU Commissioner Thierry Breton has even called for a Marshall Plan for Europe’s tourism industry.
75 years later, EU leaders seem to have forgotten their history. None of them seem to have the first idea about the Marshall Plan. Simply put, according to Denis MacShane, the conditions that gave birth to the Marshall Plan do not exist today. And the way it was implemented after its launch in 1948 would cause uproar if proposed now.
The purpose of the Marshall Plan was above all political, to stop Europe turning communist at a time when the communist parties in France and Italy were winning most votes in elections. Jozef Stalin, the Soviet ruler, was encouraging communist uprisings in Greece and Turkey. In addition, he had shown his ruthlessness by disposing the non-communist left in countries occupied by the Red Army.
Denis MacShane further noted that today, there are worries that populist-nationalist right-wing parties with a clear anti-EU bias might strengthen politically if the countries worst hit by COVID 19 are left without help. To be sure, from Brexit to the ultra-nationalist Prime Minister of Hungary, Viktor Orban, the EU is living with new populist national identity politics. However, these forces are not even remotely on a par with communist efforts to take over Europe after 1945.
Holger Schmieding, Chief Economist at Berenberg Bank in London strongly argued that EU already outgunning the Marshall Plan. The money which the United States government initially offered up under the Marshall Plan back in 1948 in today’s money amounted to $202 billion (or €186 billion). Compare that to the €1.5 trillion which the EU is making available today for a much bigger recovery fund. It comes in various forms, including cheap loans from the European Stability Mechanism and the European Central Bank (ECB).
According to Holger Schmieding, there is a row between different EU governments on how the money should be disbursed. Northern European governments, including Social democratic-led ones in Denmark and Sweden, as well as the Social Democrats in the German coalition government are resisting an open-ended pledge. They are not prepared to hand over their taxpayers’ money to countries in southern Europe which, in their view, have refused to undertake the economic management reforms in their countries since the Euro was introduced two decades ago.
Kallum Pickering, Senior Economist at Berenberg Bank in London stated that the Marshall Plan money was not a gift, but a repayable loan used mainly to buy goods from the United States. In particular, it was used for machine tools and other industrial equipment to get European industry going again. It was closely supervised by Marshall Plan envoys, mainly United States business executives. They opened up offices in the capital cities of the countries receiving the aid and made sure it was disbursed according to United States rules. American productivity experts and trade unionists toured Europe, explaining why modern management methods to increase productivity were the key to Europe’s future economic prosperity.
Kallum Pickering stressed that in contrast, today’s Italian government insists that no help can arrive that would come with any conditions attached. Nor does it accept any external supervision of the measures taken by the Italian government under the European plans offered up. However, such supervision was precisely the norm under the Marshall Plan.
Egged on by the Soviet Union, which refused to take part in the Marshall Plan, Europe’s populist anti-American left in the late 1940s opposed all United States aid. French communist trade unionists even derailed a train bringing aid to France, killing 16. Their anti-Americanism was part of the reason why the dream of a progressive left Europe evaporated in the countries receiving Marshall Plan aid. As a result, in the 1950s conservative politicians ruled the roost in Britain, Germany, Italy and France.
The Marshall Plan was based on open trade and political integration in Western Europe. In that regard, it was ultimately a functional precursor of the EU. Demanding a new Marshall Plan now sounds evocative and generous. However, the Marshall Plan of the 1940s has nothing to do with what Europe needs to do to recover from the 2020 pandemic.