INSURING OUR ARTIST, PROTECTING OUR CULTURAL WEALTH
“We are promoting that principle…that those who contribute actively to enriching lives and enhancing our creative industry get their due, even after leaving active work life.” Eric Fajemisin, Chief Executive Stanbic IBTC Pensions.
I recently came across an article published in the Ethiopian Business Review, that pleasantly surprised me, entitled “Insurance for Art.” While I have written about the need for art insurance, understanding the value of art, Corporate Affairs Service Manager, Fikru Tsegaye pens from a different perspective. Fikru’s focus is on the well being of the artists, most of which are self-employed and without pensions and insurance, a serious problem during times of crisis. His article is broad; advocating for coverage of art, musical instruments, equipment, concerts and exhibitions but he makes an equally compelling plea for artists noting, “We have shockingly witnessed Ethiopian artists seeking donations and financial support to cover emergencies such as medical or funeral expenses. If the art community could plan and negotiate affordable insurance coverage they can avoid ill-fated consequences. In a country of rich art collections and profound artists, underwriting suitable insurance for art and artists could indeed be in high demand.” So who is responsible? Is this a “build it and they will come” scenario? In other words should insurance companies create and market products for artist and galleries or should the arts community take the lead? For me, the fact that others are writing about this and said articles are not placed on the back pages of papers and magazines, where most art related articles are placed, provides hope.
Our optimism is evidenced daily on this continent of 55 countries where myriad examples of innovative ideas help us grow in new areas including the creative cultural sector. One example is Nigeria’s Art X Lagos, West Africa’s first international art fair. Stanbic IBTC Holdings PLC, namely Stanbic IBTC Pension Managers Limited (SIPML) is set to sponsor ART X Modern, recognizing top African artist of the 20th century. Eric Fajemisin, Chief Executive Stanbic IBTC Pensions remarked, “Being Nigeria’s largest pensions manger, we have the responsibility to ensure that our customers retire well, so that they have something to fall back on post work-life. We are also promoting that principle which holds that those who contribute actively to enriching lives and enhancing our creative industry get their due, even after leaving active work life.” Art X Lagos, in its 3rd year, attracts international media, collectors, art industry heavy hitters and ofcourse artists from Africa and the Diaspora. The 2019 fair opens in Lagos on November 1st with names to watch for- Senegalese Soly Cissé, South African Lady Skollie and Ethiopians Yohannes Tesfaye and Tizita Berhanu.
I first met Tizta almost a year ago when seeking female artists to include in an exhibit I was curating for and at the UNECA on the occasion of the 70th Anniversary of the Declaration of Human Rights. Her work was emotionally raw. Her large glaring portraits of men and women wearing forlorn expressions seemed to scream through their eyes, yet their postures were so composed. Her talent is clear and potential immense and I knew she would be a voice in the visual art world, worthy of notice. After our exhibition in December 2018, Tizita was signed by Addis Fine Art, who will present her work at Art X Lagos. A 2013 graduate of Alle School of Fine Arts and Design, Tizita reportedly “…became fascinated by ‘love’ and used her work to explore all its facets, particularly sorrow.” Her pallet of deep sultry blues and greens dominate her canvas through fresh brush strokes that speak to her confidence and connectivity.
As with Tizita and other artists whose work is exhibited abroad, they become vicarious ambassadors, generating great interest in our culture and country in general. This alone should encourage a moral duty to protect artists allowing them to live and even die with dignity after all their sacrifice and contributions? Again, hope is on the horizon thanks to the Ethiopian PM Dr. Abyi Ahmed who has been an advocate for the arts, understanding how it adds value across the board. However equal attention needs to be paid to the actual artists, avoiding the “pass the cup” approach when health and life are at risk. Artists and their creations need to be recognized and insured… bottom line. Several years ago I started a monthly exhibition at Capital Hotel in tribute to our senior artists. The roster included Desta Hagos, Worku Mamo and Tadesse Belayneh. Tadesse passed a couple years ago leaving a legacy through hundreds of his students taught at the Art School over the decades. It is important to honor, respect and regard these artists in their lifetime. It is my hope that public and private stakeholders will continue to recognize and value the sector while preserving, protecting and promoting our national treasures, evidence of our commitment to not just the arts but our beloved artists.
Dr. Desta Meghoo is a Jamaican born
Creative Consultant, Curator and cultural promoter based in Ethiopia since 2005. She also serves as Liaison to the AU for the Ghana based, Diaspora African Forum.
MIND THE GAP!
Getachew Beshahwred
The government is in the early, and in some cases advanced stages, of privatisation which has led a limited number of private organisations and individuals to organise a conference or a forum to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of privatisation and its implications for the wellbeing of the economy, the country and its citizens. Government representatives have participated, (though limited) at these meetings. It seems the government is in a listening mode which is quite a pleasing change. However, I do believe the government should be more active in this respect before embarking upon the process of privatisation which is quite complex and sometimes irreversible. It needs to do its homework properly before agreeing to sell any parts of the publicly held companies. It is quite important for the government to continue with its listening exercise by organising its own conferences, discussion forums and advisory groups in a more structured way. It should consider forming an advisory or a steering group consisting of professionals (young and old) academicians and most importantly people with relevant experience. I believe a balanced view or advice could come from such a group.
In any case I would like to congratulate the government and the ministers who have at least opened up the door for comments and discussions about a major government policy. Today I deal with the issue of Debt and equity. It seems there is an expectation that privatisation would lead to less debt and higher equity. There may be a huge expectation gap.
At one of the recent conferences on privatisation, a government advisor stressed that one of the main reasons for privatising some of the biggest publicly held companies is the huge debt in their balance sheet which, according to him, has to be repaid. The reasoning behind this thinking is obviously the distinct possibility of using the proceeds from privatisation to repay the lenders and creditors thereby eliminating or at least reducing the debt of the companies. Moreover, the expectation is that the new private owners would then invest in the company in the form of equity rather than debt. The implicit assumption in all of these is that equity is always better than debt. Really?
let us examine the following:
Is debt bad?
Would private investors take on a publicly owned company with all of its debts? If they do, what would they require in return?
Would the new private owners make more equity investment in a publicly held company after it is privatised?
Is debt bad?
Almost all companies are financed through a combination of debt and equity. It is just a question of balance which depends on a number of factors. However, the generalisation, like many other generalisations, that ‘equity is better than debt’ is wrong. It is the QUALITY rather than the quantity of debt that matters. Borrowing for investment could be even be less costly than equity investment especially in time of low interest rates. In addition, interest can be used to reduce corporation tax since it is an allowable expense. Moreover, governments could obtain favourable terms due to the security they can provide.
Would private investors take on a publicly owned company with all of its debts? If they do, what would they require in return?
They may; but at a price; the proceeds from privatisation would reduce accordingly. It is not unusual to hear that a company has been sold for £1. This is not because the company is worth just £1 but because it is hugely in debt and the new owners would agree to take over the company with all of its debts. But in some cases, new investors may not be keen to take over a company with huge debts as it happened during some of the privatisations in the United Kingdom. For instance, in 1989, the UK government took on all debts of the water companies (£4.9 billion) before they were privatised leaving the companies debt free at time of privatisation. This could happen in Ethiopian privatisations too.
Would the new private owners make more equity investment in a publicly held company after it is privatised?
You would think so. But that is not the case. In the United Kingdom some investors borrowed to acquire a publicly held company and then took on more debt, using the assets of the newly privatised company as a security. For instance, the former owners of Thames Water, the Australian bank Macquarie took a loan of £2.8 billion to buy the company and then loaded £2 billion Cayman Islands debt onto Thames water and its customers. Now Thames Water is more than 50% owned by a Kuwaiti investment fund, Abu Dhabi Investment Fund, China Investment Corporation and a Canadian pension fund.
As the graph above shows the UK government, at the time of privatisation, took on all debs of the water companies. However, with in just four years the debt level has returned to Pre-privatisation level and by 2014-15 the total debt of the water companies was £47 billion. A report from the University of Greenwich has found that the 40% real increase in English Water bills between 1991 and 2015 was not as a result of higher investment but due to the huge interest on debt. The report also found that in the same period a total dividend of £50 billion was paid to shareholders.
Hence, debt of a publicly held company by itself is not a valid reason or justification for privatisation. As long as the company is earning a return on its investment which is greater that its cost of capital (especially the interest its pays on its debts) and it has a healthy cashflow to repay its debts, the level of debt should not matter.
Getachew is the Managing Director of GB & CO. London. He can be contacted at getachew@gbandco.co
IFC’s work in Ethiopia
IFC, the private sector arm of the World Bank, which provides funding for private companies in emerging markets, besides offering advice to governments regarding issues of private sector development.
In Ethiopia, IFC has advisory portfolio that exceeds over 42 million USD. Critics argue IFC investment rarely touches the poor. However, Sergio Pimenta, Vice President of the Middle East and Africa argues that although IFC is financial institution, they are also a development institution focused on the poor.
Capital met Pimenta, in the IFC office in Addis to talk how IFC supports Ethiopia. Excerpts;
Capital: How does IFC support the private sector?
Sergio Pimenta: IFC supports the parts of the economy that contribute positively to the development of the countries that we operate in, we look at the needs of development so, Africa and particularly in Ethiopia we focus a lot on particular sectors that create jobs opportunities that can change the lives of the people.
In Ethiopia we are active in sectors like manufacturing; Agri businesses which create a lot of job opportunities and added value in the country. IFC is also active in the infrastructure sector power, water, transport, and telecom as well. The private sector plays a bigger role in Ethiopia. The third large part of intervention is supporting local financial institutions such as Banks and Insurance companies, leasing companies by providing funding, resources for the development of the economy so IFC plays a key role particularly for the development of small and medium enterprises and a large number of programs that we can implement for this sector.
In Ethiopia for instance we are active in leasing in the private sector.
Capital: Does IFC have priority areas where they support the private sector in Ethiopia?
Sergio Pimenta: Our priorities in Ethiopia are much aliened with the development plan of the government as you know, now the government is focused on home grown economic reform programs, so we have aligned our interventions with the key findings with those programs, so here we are going to focus on primarily with in business and agriculture sector where the sector that occupies a very large parts of the population in Ethiopia. So if we can improve the life of farmers or people who live in the agricultural sector we will have a great impact and our approach is look at value chains, different products, we look at both the bottle necks for the sectors to develop but also what are the opportunities to create more values in Countries, for instance instead of exporting raw materials focusing on some level of transformation that create more value, that is why the Agri -business can create more values for the higher value in Ethiopia.
Tourism is another area we are very active in, Ethiopia is a beautiful country with a huge potential in tourism with benefits that have very good connections, Ethiopia Airlines where a lot of visitors come through Addis Ababa, so we want to help the country attract more tourists to stay here and spend money and contribute to the economy and create jobs. a Tourism is the sector the tends to create more jobs ,so the impact of investing one dollar in the sector is very high. So we are doing the deep dive, looking carefully, see the constraints and opportunities to develop the economy, these are the two areas that IFC is working in.
We also working with the government in public private partnerships (PPP) which are solutions for private partners to help government activities where expertise, innovation, capital, sources of private sector, so IFC is advising the government in the Solar, Telecom sector, we can help in broader infrastructure this is the sector where we ramp up our activity. These are some the key sectors but we do have other areas.
Capital: Are there areas where IFC can support the private sector without a guarantee from the government?
Sergio Pimenta: IFC neither requires nor accepts government guarantees to finance private sector projects. IFC’s financing is based on the feasibility of the project and the developmental impact that it would bring to the economy.
Capital: IFC takes its money in hard currency is there any way that could change so that you accept local currency?
Sergio Pimenta: In compliance with the National Bank of Ethiopia’s (NBE) regulation, IFC’s financing in Ethiopia is in hard currency, up until now; hence the repayment is also in hard currency. However, IFC has recently signed a framework agreement with the NBE on local currency financing and is working towards materializing the financing in local currency to priority sectors as per the NBE’s guidance.
Capital: Tell us about Lighting Africa?
Sergio Pimenta: Lighting Africa is a broader project that was developed across the continent where IFC try to help structures that allow to give energy in the areas that are not connected in many countries in Africa. Africa is a huge continent it is very difficult and expensive to cover the entire continent. So IFC is looking for alternative solutions, people call it mini grids, off grids connection as local solution for population that are scattered around.
Capital: Did IFC stop funding companies participating in a recent solar project tender? 
Sergio Pimenta: We have been advising the government in Solar projects because we believe that the potential of solar in this country and we have this program to help the government attract cool investors to come and invest in the country in solar projects.
Capital: Do you still finance companies who are interested in the bidding process?
Sergio Pimenta: there are two parts the IFC support solar projects in Ethiopia. Advice and financing, we are engage in advising the government in the bidding process that part will continues. But Financing depends on the companies who win the bid and want or don’t wont financing., what we do in this program is that we tell the bidders that we can put financing on the table based on certain terms of conditions so we will consider if financing on the bidders choices. Financing is there but at the end if the bidders are interested or not, so our advisory continues.
As you know, the process of the bidding is led by the government which is the proceeding which I don’t want to go deep on that, But the government prepared the bid, and go through all the necessary procedures and IFC comes at the end to provide the finance based on certain criteria.
Capital: Are you doing any work with the Central Bank to assist with the foreign currency shortage?
Sergio Pimenta: IFC is trying to help the government attract foreign investment so that there will be an inflow of foreign currency in the country. There are several things that can be done; some of them are advisory in the business climate in the country. For instance, if you have simplified procedures for investors, then you will have more investors coming in. IFC supports private sectors in general, there is a misconception that IFC supports only foreign private investors, but that is not true. We do a lot of work with domestic companies. So we do support both local and foreign companies. By helping the government to improve the investment climate.
Capital: Does IFC have a plan to broaden its support to other sectors?
Sergio Pimenta: We are looking at these kinds of approaches. Our financing goes with specific companies, we would like to put this in a broader context. So we look at the sector and we do a sort of diagnostic part analysis and constraints in the sector and then we engage with different partners some of are done together with World Bank and engagement with the government, it is also within the private sector to simplify some procedures.
